Integrated Beach Environmental Monitoring Program ( IBEMP) in Bali : The Land Base Pollution Mitigation Programme in supporting
K.G. Dharma Putra
Chairman, Center for Environmental Studies Faculty of
Kampus Bukit Jimbaran Bali Indonesia
E-mail : kgdharmap@telkom.net
ABSTRACT
Integrated Beach Environmental Monitoring Program ( IBEMP) in Bali Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) Demonstration Site is done to monitored parameter in sea water quality and beach condition and link the observed patterns to specific integrated coastal management actions. It involves repeated sampling over time and is different from environmental sampling which may be short term, aimed at collecting specific information on the concentration, distribution, and variability of chemical contaminants in certain media. It requires the integration of information from several concurrent sampling efforts and requires periodic analysis of monitoring program results so that sampling may be modified as necessary to maximize program effectiveness.
The purpose of this monitoring component is to determine the levels of selected environmental quality indicators at selected beaches under natural conditions. For the pilot test as a starting action on Bali IBEMP at year 2005 was conducted at
The result of the program give evidence that the marine pollution mostly come from land base pollution and at some beach, the environmental quality need to improve. At most of the site are polluted by the oil layer, floating material, nitrogenous, and phosphate. Most of the water also contain bacterial pathogen. Among the entire site monitored, Nusa Dua beach become the best beach in related with the seawater quality, the facility for public activities, and the beach management and information facilities. While
It was very important to mention that during the pilot test, the task team was involved from the planning activities of the program. After the key parameter was measured and compiled, then the data will support
Keywords: Integrated Coastal Management (ICM), Integrated Beach Environmental Monitoring Program ( IBEMP) ,
Integrated Beach Environmental Monitoring Program ( IBEMP) in Bali : The Land Base Pollution Mitigation Programme in supporting
K.G. Dharma Putra
Chairman , Center for Environmental Studies Faculty of
Kampus Bukit Jimbaran Bali Indonesia
E-mail : kgdharmap@telkom.net
1.Background
1) fisheries and shellfisheries and other natural resources and habitats;
2) human health risk associated with bathing in coastal waters at specific areas due to coli form contamination; and
3) Ecological risks from nutrients, organic matter, suspended solids and certain heavy metals at particular locations.
The data used in the IRA came from separate monitoring activities of local and national government agencies and various development projects as well as research studies. While duplication of some efforts was observed, data gaps were also noted as well as uncertainties with regard to data comparability and spatial and temporal cover of data. Thus, in addition to management recommendations to address the identified concerns, the results of the risk assessment highlighted the need for a:
1) cost-effective and sustainable environmental monitoring program that can provide reliable information to support environmental management and decision-making;
2) mechanism to facilitate information-sharing and the use of the monitoring information in environmental management; and
3) coordination and cooperation among various institutions involved in environmental monitoring.
Since
Figure 1. Schematic diagram for IBEMP
Such system, however, would need to be built slowly but steadily over the years through specific actions, starting with a systematic determination of water quality in selected beaches and evaluation of technical and human resources, infrastructure, policy, and institutional capacity and needs to implement a comprehensive beach management program. By aiming to conduct such evaluation, the IBEIMP project will be contributing greatly to the sustainable development of tourism in
2 Goals and Objectives of IBEMP
The goal of environmental monitoring is to evaluate trends in monitored variables and to link the observed patterns to specific management actions. It involves repeated sampling over time and is different from environmental sampling which may be short term, aimed at collecting specific information on the concentration, distribution, and variability of chemical contaminants in certain media. It requires the integration of information from several concurrent sampling efforts and requires periodic analysis of monitoring program results so that sampling may be modified as necessary to maximize program effectiveness.
The IBEMP aims to contribute to sustainable tourism development in Bali Coastal region by strengthening the local capacity for beach environmental quality management. Specifically, the IBEMP is directed to:
(1) Beach water quality monitoring
(2) Assessment of beach environmental and safety management measures
(3) Capacity building in the areas of: (1) Laboratory analysis and maintenance; (2)Regular field sampling and analysis;(3) Information Campaigns; (4) Assessment of beach environmental and safety management measures
These components will be implemented in three phases:
(1) Pilot Monitoring will be conducted for three months to test the initial design of beach monitoring and to test whether the framework for monitoring can be implemented in the long-term;
(2) Long-term Monitoring will be designed immediately after the pilot monitoring has been conducted to ensure that monitoring process will be done systematically over a period of time.
(3) Media campaign will be the socialization of the result of IBEMP for public debate in promotes law enforcement and beach accreditation.
The long-term goal of the IBEMP is to contribute to sustainable tourism development in
3. Monitoring Methodology
3.1 Key factors
The goal of environmental monitoring is to evaluate trends in monitored variables and to link the observed patterns to specific management actions. It involves repeated sampling over time and is different from environmental sampling which may be short term, aimed at collecting specific information on the concentration, distribution, and variability of chemical contaminants in certain media. It requires the integration of information from several concurrent sampling efforts and requires periodic analysis of monitoring program results so that sampling may be modified as necessary to maximize program effectiveness.
Key factors to be considered in developing a monitoring program include:
(1) Background information. It is extremely necessary to carefully review all available background information before designing the monitoring program in order to have proper guidance in formulating the goals and objectives of the program and coming up with an optimal and cost-effective design that would address these goals and objectives. Such information would include environmental conditions and natural and human factors that may influence the beach environment. Bali IBEMP will develop an integrated environmental monitoring program that provides reliable information to support marine and coastal environmental management for the sustainable development in coastal areas. During the program, all information produced by the provincial and regency government such as spatial plan regulation, tourism development plan, investment plan, and environmental profile were reviewed for the basic information before the IBEMP. The site location for pilot test environmental monitoring program is the tourism area for Sanur, Tanjung Benoa and Nusa Dua beach while
(2) Program Objectives: The program objectives should support the goal of contributing to sustainable tourism development in
(3) Water quality standards. The standard for the data of beach monitoring based on Governor Bali decree No 515 Year 2000 for Bali Environmental Quality Standard. Ideally, all the recommended parameters to be monitored in bathing water must comply with the national water quality standards in public areas for protection of public health. However, Governor Bali Decree for coastal water quality standards only mentions some parameter for marine tourism area.
(4) Availability of resources. Constraints with regard to both funding and staff can limit the design of the monitoring program with regard to what, where, when and how often monitoring activities can be conducted. Development of the monitoring program can thus be done in phases, initially adjusting to the available resources (e.g., by starting with a few selected beaches), with an aim to eventually expand the program (e.g., covering more beaches). Alternatively, public or private partners in implementing the program can be sought, with the aim of sharing/contributing resources to support the program.
(5) Inputs of other stakeholders. Stakeholders are important sources of information concerning what beach users want to know about beach water quality, what they want to see with regard to beach environmental and safety management, and how they prefer to receive this information. They could also be important sources of information concerning various sources of contamination.
In general the development of environmental monitoring program will develop, demonstrate, and promote the adoption of a cross-sectoral and sustainable integrated environmental monitoring plan for
3.2.Integrated Beach Environmental Monitoring Program (IBEMP)
The environmental monitoring protocol which address the goals and objectives of the program include:
(1) Monitoring plan that specifies what, where, when, and how often monitoring will be conducted and the decision criteria for interpreting monitoring results
(2) Quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) plan that specifies procedures to be followed at various steps of program implementation in order to ensure the integrity of collected data
(3) Data management system that can support storage, retrieval, organization, presentation and sharing of information
(4) Mechanism and tools for information dissemination to the public, environmental managers, and decision-makers
For initial pilot test for IBEMP the laboratory used was Environmental Laboratory at The Faculty of Science Udayana University, which widely used for the same activities for about five years in
3.3 Parameters
For the pilot test integrated beach environmental monitoring, the monitoring parameters are:
Table 1. Monitoring parameters
| Microbiological | Total coli form, Fecal coli form, and fecal streptococcus |
| Physico-chemical | Temperature, turbidity, salinity, TSS,TDS, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), BOD,COD,nitrite, nitrate, phosphate |
| Visual observations | Oil layer, floating materials |
For the initial data collection of the Pilot IBEMP, the nutrients ammonia (NH3), nitrate (NO3) , nitrite (NO2) and phosphate (PO4) also determined in the beach stations. Elevated levels of these nutrients may cause increased growth of algae which can adversely affect recreational water use. These parameters may also provide information regarding certain contamination sources (e.g., farm runoff or animal feeding). Inclusion of these parameters in the regular monitoring program and the frequency of monitoring will be determined based on the results of the pilot test.
3.4. Sampling Stations
The monitoring program aims to determine risks to public health that may potentially arise from using the beach areas. Major considerations applied in choosing monitoring stations were Sanur Beach, Tanjung Benoa Beach, and Nusa Dua Beach as a recreational areas frequently used by bathers and where density of bathers is highest; and Serangan Island Beach and Benoa Harbour Area as the site that close to potential sources of contaminant inputs to the beaches Samples collected where there is highest risk of public exposure to pathogens and contaminants in the sea water. Samples collected in areas most frequently used for swimming. Special consideration made for areas often used by children (knee deep, within the “swash zone” or the area of low waves near the shore) as these areas may coincide with the contaminated sites due to minimal flushing by waves. The monitoring frequency is twice a month in the morning and in the afternoon each sampling. Areas most commonly used for swimming was sampled on a regular basis. Densities of indicator organisms in recreational beach waters can vary greatly over time, which is why some intensive monitoring programs conduct sampling on a daily basis.
4. Result and Conclusion
4.1 Result
Table 2. Environmental Status of Seawater[i1]
| No | Location | Above | Above National Standard2, 3 | Site Location | |
| 1 | | OL (stn 1), FM (stn 1), nitrite (stns 1,2,3 & 5), ammonia (almost all stns), Total Coliform (all stns), fecal coliform (all stns), fecal streptococcus (stn 1) | OL (stn 1), FM (stn 1), nitrate (stns 1-3), ammonia (almost all stns), phosphate (stn 1), Total Coliform (stn 1) , fecal coliform (all stns), fecal streptococcus (stn 1) | One site (SSW1) (except as indicated) | Good |
| 2 | | OL,FM,nitrite, ammonia, Total Coliform,fecal coliform,fecal streptococcus (stns 1&2), BOD (stns 3&4, 2nd to 6th sampling) | OL,FM, nitrate, ammonia, phosphate, Total Coliform,fecal coliform,fecal streptococcus (stns 1&2), BOD (stns 3&4, 2nd to 6th sampling) | All sites ( 5) | Polluted |
| 3 | | OL,FM, BOD, COD, nitrite, ammonia, Total Coliform,fecal coliform,fecal streptococcus, DO (stn 1; some sampling periods for other sites) | OL, FM, BOD, nitrate, ammonia, phosphate, Total Coliform,fecal coliform,fecal streptococcus, DO (stn 1; some sampling periods for other sites) | All sites (4) | Polluted |
| 4 | | OL (stn 1),FM (stn 1), nitrite (all stns), BOD (stn 1), COD (stn 1), Total Coliform (all stns), fecal coliform (almost all stns), fecal streptococcus (stn 1; 1 sampling) | OL (stn 1), FM (stn 1), nitrate (all stns), phosphate (all stns), BOD (stn 1), Total Coliform (stn 1; 2nd & 3rd sampling), fecal coliform (almost all stns), fecal streptococcus (stn 1; 1 sampling) | One site (TBSW1) (except as indicated) | Good |
| 5 | | -ammonia (all stations), total coliform (all stations), | - phosphate (all stations) Ammonia (all stations) Nitrate (all stations; 3 sampling periods); total coliform (stn 1) | -All stations | Very Good |
1 No Bali standards for nitrate and phosphate
2 No national standard for nitrite
3 Different Bali and national standards for total coliform
In order to understand the complexity of the seawater pollution in Bali, the assumption should asses the environmental management in
4. 2 Site Evaluation
4.2.1
One location at
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 à 6 H2O + 6 CO2
When the oxygen concentration is low, anaerobic bacteria can oxidize organic molecules without the use of oxygen, but the end products include compounds such as NH3 (ammonia), H2S (hydrogen sulphide), and CH4 (methane). The biological oxygen demand was also below the standard. [i3] The concentration of nitrogen as NH3-N and NO2-N is very important in understanding the quality of seawater around Sanur area. Although the NH3-N concentration was very low (range between 0.00 to 0.086 mg/L) but it should be zero according to the Environmental Regulation, which is also similar for N-NO2, which value ranges from 0. 000 to 0. 009 mg/L.
The chemistry of nitrogen is complex because it has several states and the fact that changes in valence can be brought about by living organisms. The nitrogen compound around Nusa Dua area mostly comes from fertilizer from hotel’s garden and from natural sources. The nitrates supplied in excess to the plants will be carried away by the water percolating through the soil because the soil does not have the ability to hold them. The ammonia (NH3-N) released by bacterial action which may be used by plants directly to produce plant protein. On the other hand, the nitrites are oxidized by the Nitrobacter group of nitrifying bacteria and frequently results in relatively high concentrations of nitrate in seawater. Nitrogen data are extremely important in connection with the algal growth in the water. To decrease the concentration of the nitrogen, it is oxidized in water, thereby affecting the dissolved-oxygen concentration.
4.2.2
The entire site for
4.2.3
All the site location at Benoa harbour are highly polluted area because most of the key parameter measured above the local and national standard.
4.2.4
The quality of seawater at Tanjung Benoa-Nusa Dua region are polluted by the oil layer, floating material,coliform[i6] , nitrogenous and phosphate.
4.3 Conclusion
The pilot test for integrated beach environmental monitoring was successfully done with the vision for partnership between stakeholders in environmental management in
It was recommended that the program to develop a integrated wastewater treatment plant and solid wastes treatment plant is a high priority in
Acknowledgement
This programme was funded by GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme on Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia(PEMSEA)-Environmental Agency Bali Provincial Government.
References
Bapedalda Bali, 2001, Study on Comulative Environmnetl Impact (SOCEI), Final Report
Betty Bowers Marriott, 1999, Environmental Impact Assessment, McGraw Hill
Canadian International Development Agency, Environmental Assessment and Compliance Unit, 2004, Environmental Impact Assessment
GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme on Building PEMSEA,2004,Southeastern Coast of Bali Initial Risk Assessment,
GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme on Building PEMSEA,2002, Coastal Strategy for the Southeastern Coast of
Government of the Republic of Indonesia Ministry of Public Works Directorate General of Water Resource Developmnet, 1998,
Melcaft & Eddy, 2003,Wastewater Engineering, Fourth Edition,MacGraw Hill Companies Inc.
United Nations Environment Program, 2001, Monitoring Industrial Emmision and Wastes, A Manual
[i1]This summary table does not accurately reflect the monitoring results as presented in Chapter III. Please refer to revisions incorporated in the table. Alternatively, the reporting could be based on risks (using RQs). This could standardize the reporting of monitoring results and facilitate the comparison with the risk assessment (i.e., to determine changes in levels of risk).
[i2]What is the basis for the qualitative descriptions of beach quality?
[i3]Based on the results, DO is not a parameter of concern in Sanur.
[i4]The discussion and the figures should be focused on the identified parameters of concern including pathogens and BOD (no discussion). Figures 4.12 to 4.14 are not the parameters of concern in the area.
[i5]DO is not a parameter of concern in
[i6]This is true if the assessment is based on the national standard (1,000 MPN/100ml). If assessment is based on the
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